Number of monarch butterflies at Mexico wintering sites has plummeted this year

The number of endangered monarch butterflies at their wintering areas in Mexico dropped by 59 per cent this year to the second lowest level since record keeping began, experts said Wednesday, blaming pesticide use and climate change.

The butterflies’ migration from Canada and the United States to Mexico and back again is considered a marvel of nature. No single butterfly lives to complete the entire journey.

The annual butterfly count doesn’t calculate the individual number of butterflies, but rather the number of acres they cover when they clump together on tree branches in the mountain pine and fir forests west of Mexico City. Monarchs from east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada overwinter there.

Mexico’s Commission for National Protected Areas said the butterflies covered an area equivalent to 0.9 hectares, down from 2.21 hectares last year.

The lowest level was in 2013 at 0.67 hectares.

“It has a lot to do with climate change,” said Gloria Tavera, the commission’s conservation director. She cited storms, drought and higher temperatures.

Experts noted there were almost no butterflies at some traditional wintering grounds.

“The monarchs looked for other sites,” Ms. Tavera said.

The number of a smaller population, the western monarch butterflies that overwinter in California, has dropped, too.

Gregory Mitchell, a researcher for Environment and Climate Change Canada, called the decline “very sobering,” but noted that ”we have the drive, we have the tools, we have the people” to address humans’ impact on the monarch migration.

Humberto Peña, the head of Mexico’s protected areas, proposed creating a “safe corridor” for migrating butterflies with reduced herbicide and pesticide use and stricter measures against deforestation.

The use of herbicides in the United States and Canada has reduced the amount of milkweed, the butterflies’ preferred food.

There was some good news.

Deforestation in the Mexican forests where monarch butterflies spend the winter fell this year to about 4.1 hectares. Almost all was lost to illegal logging.

That was a large reduction from last year, when 58.7 hectares of forest cover was lost.

llegal logging has been a major threat to the forests where the butterflies gather in clumps to keep warm. Diseases, drought and storms have also caused tree losses. 

The presence of Monarch butterflies during the 2023-2024 winter within Mexican overwintering forests had a 59.3 percent drop compared to the previous season, according to Mexico’s National Commission of Protected Natural Areas.